Defining Authorship A Taxonomy To Assign Contributor Roles Editage

Leo Migdal
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defining authorship a taxonomy to assign contributor roles editage

With digitization and open access being the order of the day, science is becoming increasingly collaborative in nature. Single-author publications are rare these days; author numbers on papers are increasing by the day, and it’s no longer surprising to see as many as 50 or even 100 authors on multi-author papers. Since 2011, even 1000-author papers have been indexed by Thomson Reuters. However, the individual contribution of each author in a multi-author paper remains unclear. To begin with, there is no uniform structure or process in place on who should be included as an author on a paper, or in what order they should go in the list. Moreover, reading the paper does not enable us to understand the role that each author has played in the research.

The acknowledgements and citations section aren’t of much help either in figuring out who did what: which author was responsible for the methodology, who did the ideation, who collected data, or who conducted the... A recent article in Nature has come up with a possible solution: with the help of a ‘taxonomy’, manuscript-submission software could enable researchers to assign contributor roles in pre-decided categories during the process of... The authors of this article have conducted an online survey with published authors to understand the nature of their contributions to a paper. The survey was a test of whether authors’ contributions could be classified using a 14-role taxonomy. The role descriptions are as follows: <img decoding="async" alt="taxonomy" class="responsive" data-file_info="%7B%22fid%22:%221000%22,%22view_mode%22:%22default%22,%22fields%22:%7B%22format%22:%22default%22,%22field_file_image_alt_text%5Bund%5D%5B0%5D%5Bvalue%5D%22:%22taxonomy%22,%22field_file_image_title_text%5Bund%5D%5B0%5D%5Bvalue%5D%22:%22authorship%20taxonomy%22,%22field_image_tags%5Bund%5D%5Btextfield%5D%22:%22%22,%22field_image_tags%5Bund%5D%5Bvalue_field%5D%22:%22%5C%22%5C%22authorship%20taxonomy%5C%22%5C%22%22%7D,%22type%22:%22media%22%7D" src="http://insights.cactusglobal.com/sites/default/files/Authorship%20Taxonomy.png" title="authorship taxonomy" typeof="foaf:Image" />

The survey was sent to corresponding authors of work published in reputed journals, and they were asked to indicate the contribution of each author of their article according to the roles in the taxonomy,... The Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) was created in 2014 by a group of journal editors, publishers, and funding representatives. It aims to clearly show contributions to scholarly work, addressing limitations in traditional author lists. CRediT is now widely used across various scientific fields. It provides a standardized way to describe each person's specific contribution to a research output. CRediT is used by many publishers across various fields.

Check if journals in your field use CRediT, as it's becoming more common. Even if it's not required, consider using it to clearly communicate your contributions. This guide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Authorship confers credit and has important academic, social, and financial implications. Authorship also implies responsibility and accountability for published work. The following recommendations are intended to ensure that contributors who have made substantive intellectual contributions to a paper are given credit as authors, but also that contributors credited as authors understand their role in...

Editors should be aware of the practice of excluding local researchers from low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) from authorship when data are from LMICs. Inclusion of local authors adds to fairness, context, and implications of the research. Lack of inclusion of local investigators as authors should prompt questioning and may lead to rejection. Because authorship does not communicate what contributions qualified an individual to be an author, some journals now request and publish information about the contributions of each person named as having participated in a submitted... Editors are strongly encouraged to develop and implement a contributorship policy. Such policies remove much of the ambiguity surrounding contributions, but leave unresolved the question of the quantity and quality of contribution that qualify an individual for authorship.

The ICMJE has thus developed criteria for authorship that can be used by all journals, including those that distinguish authors from other contributors. The ICMJE recommends that authorship be based on the following 4 criteria: In addition to being accountable for the parts of the work done, an author should be able to identify which co-authors are responsible for specific other parts of the work. In addition, authors should have confidence in the integrity of the contributions of their co-authors. Correspondence: Tae-Il Kim (Editor-in-Chief). Department of Periodontology, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea.

periopf@snu.ac.kr, Tel: +82-2-2072-2642, Fax: +82-2-744-1349 Received 2017 Feb 7; Accepted 2017 Feb 7; Issue date 2017 Feb. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0). While an average of 2 authors per article used to be the norm in academic publishing until the 1960s, multi-authorship is now common in scientific articles. The emergence of this phenomenon seems natural considering the current system of incentives for researchers and the greater ease of collaboration thanks to advances in technology. However, this has also led to some authorship-related issues, as discussed in the paper (https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550070071041) published by Dr.

Drummond Rennie and his colleagues in the Journal of the American Medical Association. In their article, they state that “the system of authorship has become inappropriate as the average number of authors of an article has increased; as the work of coauthors has become more specialized and... Credit and accountability cannot be assessed unless the contributions of those named as authors are disclosed to readers, so the system is flawed.” In order to address this problem, it is necessary to devise... Rather than merely listing all the names of the authors involved, it is necessary to have a defined set of terms describing various contributor roles and mechanisms, which would allow authors to take credit... The Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) is a community-developed open-standard taxonomy of contributions that improves the understanding and communication of different kinds of contributor roles in research output. Its taxonomy consists of the following 14 types of contribution to scholarly work: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing - original draft, and...

Implementing this infrastructure in academic journals would eventually lead to the development of author-centric credit and impact tracking tools that would be able to fix the skewed authorship system that we have today. Determining who qualifies as an author on a scholarly work—and in what order—can be one of the most complex and consequential aspects of academic publishing. Questions of authorship touch on professional ethics, disciplinary norms, collaboration dynamics, and institutional expectations. As research becomes increasingly interdisciplinary and collaborative, the need for clarity around authorship roles, responsibilities, and agreements has never been greater. This guide, developed in collaboration with Dr. Alice Young and Dr.

Casside Street, brings together a wide range of resources to support researchers, students, and faculty in navigating the multifaceted landscape of academic authorship. Topics include definitions of authorship, contributor roles and taxonomies, authorship agreements, common sources of dispute, and how to address misconduct. Whether you are preparing your first manuscript, mentoring students, or managing collaborative research teams, this guide is designed to help you foster transparency, accountability, and fairness in your publishing practices. eXl+� ��U���*�H�0�K����[ ����:����Wcw�e�^a�Im.��ʻ��TT`�v�[�s�l��^FJ�%���[7{��S�-l���{A����'�"�<���i#xI���i弍8٫`��<�j6��,�ӵ�֬x��g�cg����sA���+���D^��v��l�Y���QмdH�;�ז �H\��S�f�o9;�N#���#i�|6���/�E{A��K��Y��yD�m���:�� A6�& v���ޅ����C��9:�k����Y�,�[<�fK�E��X�-��ݺ�����j�[���J��r�����d]���R���q����Z����a>�a�J���%�o�s��@��P}�j�0 ��r8g��h^9�Y���7C���N��޾��Йjͱ�o�PZ~��jΏ�y>!U';�:��;�|�*X��Qu�_�·���_y�&�<����k�;( ����觡���)�7'���B=<.�#�p�6tD�7��ҹi�xKs��.Sw��5�>t ��+)!�������Q��I7��3 ��v�&])ݫYn�����T�d��,W�\����Ӑ�G�Ӑ8�#���]IkAr���ѓ@�j���l嶦l�_=��,�l[$6R�CC�!Ҟ;9Z��Ò4���� ���(稢Eꕠ�J3mH�t[}p� �z�f|JPo���H��{�������k[���m�}uz���t'������:}�F_�X��}3V��09�֔b�U�F��vc ��V���ǧ��d���heOm�o��-�Z�����:�V[=O_.�������HO��P>stream H�j`@ � endstream endobj 518 0 obj <>stream H��V}t����fv�$� �a�CB! ���l6|!!vÇ�لL��Q��p���!��P)`)m�E��� E=��r�ӣh)�PQ�U)����&D�=��3s����ǻo��$� #gV�x���/f��|� �^� {��&�z����~ق�6 ��1�W�ĺEk�N�'��xC]����^$�3������G�_d<�a٪�kʧ1>��O< ��ɯ�� ˂kE�m�2�����eu���?����u�s�b]���\ R.�v�p����= ��{�2����(�d�+�Y��[��B��؃S�3��4�q8.��n����Sh��j��}�S��#8��p:H����I��O5�0�P��<^b���'��_���S�̷1��?�Y��9�� i4�B�\����<�uH�9z�I�� ��!���;ԃi���D����a� h���fc~�fl�,vc���&R]��EO�$N����=N��kN6�aIpq�s�ky���v�ȗ��L7�Nc���h*͢���t��-�����%�e��ˀ\/����}flW�Yn��Z�<�W��yVa>�k���H3�1m��e2����^������w��9&�0��L�i4��zZI��U��):G��+1F���L1KԋF�Jl������G�/�r�|F�g�����e�T+�Wv(��rS�J��Pu��jP��~ V�gf�f�������5��da�SΫ�"�F��1���m�vb/�Ϊޫ���o�>�7q�q~� n�6�ʯ/�(�Fq}'�d�j^�մ��h��:G�$S+]�,c��� �j�^l���"Z�%^ S�x%R�dY&��yr�\%w����^�OFe�|SJ�R��P6*ە�1�-��eu�Z��� ����z��ۖac��E�6�:ǧ�^�[���;���I��>��l�O$�K�A� �($�۰_r��;b͕!���m�E4/�򀜆��r���T�Je#���q)԰l���(�M,m?b��*�8��4 1TI�%1^i�L1T�����(���x��HftP~�aV:��:�� yo����p�.�grt���<�":K��/4@�����&���(M\�S�' w�l�������m�#��c65B��%�5������'�J��4��U�&����я�9bxnN������9X��K4���i����}�O�gr��I� =v��HA����� J�>eJ��� �� �Ƣ��6���i�-�l��Kw���˒�Z! ss4��Jt-J�>淖�~͸���JV�d�r�͛�P�мF�ꆰ7P��E<��.!7��Df�3���_DqF���G=9*#]/�iz��!3��Z����-�p���9yBz���HΎ��wc�<�=�F[l���Z$�5�%�DM ;�V� ��2�|�d������~ y��߳�k3d؛�X�`8��f��ݯuYO����"�4.e�[��e�{��>�6�K���ʪ#�:�kIK4��^�7��xm��f�sOOw��!ݫ��|�˘����%"!�.

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=��a����f��얻��zq��\/�lww�Z����w���6�����o��n��~[��y��-~��}ܮ?�-e�����<��|h��ֿ �jq�??�<}�}}�^]~^��`��ǝ�U2�z��Xmw�|���f{�0~>��Ӂ�b�o7*���ֿ��#���U��Z?�����l���?<�fù�?W��:�9���r��T�F�-�-�-�-�-T[����/ �3�3�3�A�K�O�O�o��� ��`���`����DJ����\D���u��Ƈ��y�����)����gg׋_��ۿ�;��o�������[���Ɛ_�������\�+IKA<�4�X�"Jeab"�� �0݃H9P����Sķ�wk���(~/P���Gs�Д�Vܞ�maA�"D� 5��1�.Ò�+"N¬5�֖���#���ZN��4wc-@挤)T��d9�S��zOF r0�y��HpQ��k��2�eG�&��2�=���4���9�q�C-��% i�|�s 9��B ��@��ϖ=[��8�3:I'�� p��]L�W��������Zf�:8n��-LtB���G�܄�M�S!�7�� wl�Ľ�5�g����q��������ۯ� �!�J B�&(�Z{ s�4A�-��N|�!8$8g�t�Q�����B;�<��R8ٺ~f�;�CRσ�X/|#�^�g^�]*GιrˌΈ����g�'�cd~F�ed~�Re�a��α$�< ��|��3ܝ��p�Fb�'F ���)��y: �2�>Sc+>o}Cn7M3@��(��$4Q��A�1[�����&a�0�1N�� z�����c�#��X����/��Ӧq;��Ӧq�xk�4ݍ�F_� tT瑈��h�|��_,�@��?���H_����1$}  �x�a��:u�y+��P|ʏP/˱j�(TjP�C���R �e�pj��C���I��C���I�1����F7�j�!���F�(�'FV}<����s~Q�If�L�+$\8RVU �$i2�W$>�J�3ݽֹs�����"�o�G<=]Y3湹�S�C��.�U��� �����v����;f����MDk�wU#�Y��x#�G�ڞ�}��vEiw,�%`~�"n�m���I>stream hޔWAod5 �+9�&�'�V+��b�-�Fs(U�J�C�����y�����;�8�_�ώ�!�!����!(4���$�9Cb\2���S�,��y� l~3��T�e �$��1e �f �r����4��\�F��A���Oc(���B1{�Z�^%T��j2�jE���u�|Ikh��a������B/ز�Q�6�2D*���h*�A4c ��, l�:��*�~U�%cP�EZ����@n� r9�̀�Xm����{àa����͕�E��9c�`... �4MX[�f��� iB�F�;Z�i 6�� Š ���p5�w�� ����nx����!����˻�~��?�'fJ�ߡ�G���}x����i�{�xn��L�P���q����8“�<���s&��4!��4K5qY3n&G�h�$+Y����`n����s�9�>�ќ� N�C;M�����y�g�>��s��� v��$��sPC��v�u�9͚l�k63��}63�+>��s�}�Vs����̠n�9��K��L>�֌�l�k63X6�lf���\��5tY�jn68i6#X��l&���\��uv��5��� `�h�=���`hV�n��6�Vv��I�����h3�u��֍n���l�'�f���l�-{,~�X��=[��>�&�V������8wų���lp�?���v�� ���Qs�]�Vs���#����4����Y���e���3��K�ׂ~�?z��tJ���k�z͒ �R7��;<;=Pj���>쎼�x8<%���[Wв���gJ1׉������C��o#G�e�.׿.1�%��4Gח��>w�޽(�d����*Y�1џ��7d�N֧"��l�اB�D&}����L��u����Y���"Y�������./��ޗp��7�������)Y#>�����������y�������p������a��t� ��������� 0=�� endstream endobj 27 0 obj <>stream hޔWMo7�+<��z�1�p�@�ݴH`�5�=>8�M�Q���͊�MEtOKif�{�܏���.%q�]"�p .��kt�*�Ʌ�q%c�5��QA�E)��4%\��@#q��_��P�rpT����99��5N.W���Jn.�d�g�8�:Ve�₺�] ���jB]��Vԕ�$��p�����R\�JX����yH-��rBo���tTVF��%F�Q��'!)1g,��9)5������Ȥ��&���� ��� ��RrQv���dV� d-rMh��*�Y>stream h��Xks�D�+��~о��h�R`J�4e t:E�Ģ��#�d̯笜����~(��ZK�8���ޕV�p�U ��� �"��U)%��Hep�D9�+�]5�H��#��~���q �)�3����F� 1��$x�1�! ���!Bq,i,�G�ṳG��G��/�� ��-p��X\�<��ȣ�X ��p�X�Z"GԘK�... Authorship in academia is not just putting one’s name on the paper: it is a reflection of intellectual effort, accountability, and an ethical contribution. Knowing how to define authors’ roles is essential for transparency in order to stimulate successful collaboration and perpetuate research integrity. Thus, learning who can be an author and how to determine the fair distribution of authorship is vital for a blossoming scholar in search of research paper publication help. Early role definition helps the research teams avoid confusion and miscommunication about the division of labour while ensuring fair credit and publication ethics throughout the academic publishing process.

Research paper authorship is formal recognition of individuals who significantly contribute to the generation and communication of scholastic work. True authorship is much more than just writing. It is about the generation of ideas, designing methodology, analysing results, and interpreting findings. Many journals require authors to meet strict authorship criteria and make an author contribution statement in detail for transparency. This document details what each contributor did, in line with journal-specific authorship guidelines to avoid problems such as ghost authorship or guest authorship. Defining authorship protects the credibility of a person and institutions.

Poorly defined roles give rise to common disputes about order and recognition of authorship, which may generate authorship conflict or simply an authorship dispute.

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