Determining Authorship And Resolving Disputes Research Integrity

Leo Migdal
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determining authorship and resolving disputes research integrity

Authorship confers credit and has important academic, social, and financial implications. Authorship also implies responsibility and accountability for published work. The following guidelines are intended to ensure that contributors who have made substantive intellectual contributions to a paper are given credit as authors, but also that contributors credited as authors understand their role in... In all cases, authors should follow the generally accepted practices for their discipline in determining authorship credit, including the proper acknowledgement of affiliations and support, both foreign and/or domestic, and ensuring all sponsor guidelines... The following general criteria are in accordance with the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) and are included in the Office of Research’s Responsible Conduct of Research training as general guidelines for authorship... Authors who meet the above criteria should be provided the opportunity to review the final version prior to publication.

The lead scholar leading a collaborative endeavor should develop a transparent approach to determining authorship. If such standards are documented in writing, they should be made available to all collaborators and discussed at the beginning of the collaboration. Researchers and other groups should discuss the criteria for authorship, including the future direction of the project, as early as practical and throughout the course of their work. Although the lead scholar should initiate these discussions, any collaborator should raise questions or seek clarity at any point throughout the course of the collaboration. Roles may change during the course of a project and involved parties should revisit authorship and authorship order, if appropriate, whenever significant changes occur. University of Arizona Authorship Guidelines

Authorship confers credit and has singificant implications for researchers. The University of Arizona is committed to ensuring fair recognition of contributions in research and scholarly publications and to providing guidelines that foster a culture of transparency, collaboration, and collegiality. Below we address what authorship means and why it matters, what authorship resources are available, and how to handle disputes in authorship. Jump to specific sections using the links below: What is Authorship and why does it matter? Authorship is a critical component of research, reflecting the contributions of individuals to a body of work.

It signifies not only the creation of ideas but also the collaborative effort required to bring those ideas to fruition, whether through developing theories, conducting experiments, or writing scholarly articles. Authorship matters because it is the primary means by which researchers receive recognition and credit for their work. This recognition is essential for professional advancement, promotions, funding opportunities, and reputational standing—of both the author and institution—within the academic community. Received 2020 Jun 4; Accepted 2020 Oct 22; Issue date 2020. Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to... The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.

If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from... To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Intellectual contribution in the form of authorship is a fundamental component of the academic career. While research has addressed questionable and harmful authorship practices, there has largely been no discussion of how U.S. academic institutions interpret and potentially mitigate such practices through the use of institution-level authorship policies. To gain a better understanding of the role of U.S.

academic institutions in authorship practices, we conducted a systematic review of publicly available authorship policies for U.S. doctoral institutions (using the 266 2018 Carnegie-classified R1 and R2 Universities), focusing on components such as specification of authorship criteria, recommendations for discussing authorship, dispute resolution processes, and guidance for faculty-student collaborations. We found that only 24% of the 266 Carnegie R1 and R2 Universities had publicly available authorship policies. Within these policies, the majority (93%) specified criteria for authorship, but provided less guidance about actual processes for applying such criteria (62%), handling authorship disputes (62%), and managing faculty-student author teams (49%). Further, we found that any discussion of dispute resolution practices typically lacked specificity. Recommendations grounded in these findings are offered for institutions to leverage their ability to guide the authorship process by adopting an authorship policy that acknowledges disciplinary diversity while still offering substantive guidance.

Keywords: Authorship, Institutional authorship policy, Authorship dispute resolution The importance of intellectual credit in the form of authorship in published research has been acknowledged for decades. Authorship is frequently called “the coin of the realm” in academia (Rennie and Flanigan 1994; Wilcox 1998; Macrina 2011), and authorship standards in various disciplines and journals multiply with each passing year (Rennie Yank... 2007; Silva et al. 2016a, b; Clement 2014; Tarkang et al. 2017).

Despite sustained attention, ambiguity around authorship decisions, conflict, and even abuse, continues (Smith et al. 2019a; Marušić et al. 2011; Birnholtz 2006; Gómez-Ferri et al. 2019). -+��5Y��3 �Fh�jTs �0֖��5JҶ����A�Zݷ��e�� (+���TI��Qư����}���j����]�}�mߥd��.��C�eoB�c�B��Gv�K�����-�I��[d�x����>V�䆚��/Vp�Ў�n�[��t.h?���&�.+�eיJ�&Y �Bոxb������ ?��H7��퇺�.�i%�)QP_�-��̉��ܛT��̴~5۔� �Qj*�Q~)AK}Χ�_�E+���9�̘�pC��>4c�f�$މ�GC���<�vEN׌,Ch�؁�#t��W��ѥ����#��\�u2�Š%rprʍ�/D ��%]�|�T�R�b��v��B-�%�D��aUt����d5*ScE�� B���%E.��`�^���BcQ�{y݅�T 1�D�)�fQs���zܨ�3�����`B��� ��0p�^L�vr`�|����t'��z&����9�b���Ke�����9��h�}����:��Jl/���ɏ �Y�z�>'���r�r�Cg u�m2M�ڀ}D]A�.���s�'�w�aqJ ��Aۨ�D��* 5�]Ц|!� ��u����<ڑM��?4�ݹi} ���i=C��i�1!��x^ĝR�J8�pg���Ӳ���~����f@�wzlc�V3���"t`����К����m�]Ց ��yY�v*��Q\��[����8 u8�<c E6���Nj�G�����7*-5v�rlx�e��l���~8u�����yh�}�-�D�u��ֆ��⸦z ��οZJcv(�w��W�����i&e@�'!h����E850�=�E�^�#���F��B��N X�DK���c�ODS�2�-|L3M����À7��X��?6���U) ��Ej1���h��=W��߃t���;���M���->vj�ȴ��U��$��J�H�k � ����� n��5��%��� endstream endobj 79 0 obj <>/F 4/Dest[ 19... {Mwԥ�0����(G=��l����p{���׫��0V��^��i������T`o��O�Б���p���!�S��1�;!���FXB��.� p+���XDp62�/Zq��`�����8�Ds��n������� ���Y���0��s�h}� :E#I@��и�^��,��}�u�?�y'$���uEF\Xl�5�C��19�䟪�ʝ�>"��T��>�Y"_p��$�Gޝjr�Ŭ��� �ܺ;pQ�S�ʝ�[�2��%J�Ƒ��cC,LQؘqqp�8YMx�`q�.��#������u�oK�X& K�ȡ?

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x�����ٶ��g_����e�Ў����������a��u�Q���)�]�cbÜ��B^��5E��,��/��m���w�"E��4�`@S���������f���՜Ns��QhvB�d[X�T�6i��W��j�G�壖��/�:�G��Q�G���-��F��OZf5u�����|à��xܘD__Y�B�9%+V���Ȫ:8�3��������7�����E�:ulM+~����l�����#��K�v����H�������h/�U����=��^�|���)�=�cr]n�7�q� ��KQ��>���~�B;�-V���ʚ�ݟͦL\7�FOqdح�^�̌_|'�4�c�ì�n�'�)�@]�E�U�;�c��.�me��7�� �L?�д�M��ȟ0#����e=u���֙Q�-"S�a�̆d��:v�oe��OŽ�ˁ��q��� �\��g���䭦t�&Z��I��� �M}�+�ԙl��-|o����Y�ӆN��b�w#-�ʸ�6fo,�~M�PA.-=&�����#�<����8��]q���[�6���^� ?l2w��2}�(Kv� ��}�2���M����~�)�?�d7D�* �7PE;w�/��_�s^�݀�� ��G9*�ppB�׈8 endstream endobj 698 0 obj [ 283] endobj 699 0 obj <> stream x��\}p\�u?��ݷ�d[k�w����}���,K�Z����ʕ,[ή��]�֖l}!��6�B��2���)��0���@ �L:.M3���4��d��t:�� X�9�=I+c;CBJq��ѻ�{ι瞏{���;9��P���T2}r�܉�~������D"6����Q���y ����P�+&��V�JM8`�_L��c����=�䝘�����G�?#���Ll:�=�e��[]X\}�r`���s󉹿 ��6�����7[c���_�kl�ϑ���n},�W����S�&�� ��WV��w?���O��p�Hi��$c������ � ���i�1�H � �CZ�«� !��}X�t�M]�<�5�#���#ɰ�2�r9�oO*E��D�B�����4~���j����ۆtK�۩Y�w��e�^�7Z��[Jc/���!�nݤ���m�ݺI?���ۆۥ�m����h҃�����jW��[��[��[��ۯ�1dݐ�*����l�S�/�y�nʼz ^��&6��a��V... Authorship provides credit for an individual’s contributions to a study and carries accountability. There are no universally accepted standards for assigning authorship, and principles, customs and practices differ significantly from one discipline to another.

Responsibility for decisions regarding the authorship of publications lies with those who carried out the work reported in the publication. Researchers should be aware of the authorship practices within their own disciplines and should always abide by any requirements stipulated by journals as part of their instructions to authors. Where no journal or discipline-specific norms apply, authorship criteria should be agreed by all investigators at an early stage of the research. Where possible, it is advisable to keep written records of decisions regarding authorship and these should be revisited where roles and contributions change over the lifecycle of the study. Normally, an author is an individual judged to have made a substantial intellectual or practical contribution to a publication and who agrees to be accountable for that contribution. This would normally include anyone who has:

made a significant contribution to the conception or design of the project or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND/OR Because of the complexity of identifying authors of research reports and importance of ensuring scholarly integrity and the responsible reporting of research, an Authorship and Research Integrity Policy (see below) has been created to... Mary Sechrist, DirectorTallahassee, FL 32306-1330m.sechrist@fsu.eduresearch-compliance@fsu.edu Determining authorship is an important component of upholding the integrity of the research and scholarly enterprise and serves as an explicit way of assigning responsibility and giving credit for intellectual work. Only by honestly reflecting the contribution of all members of the research team can there be sustained growth in the discipline and proper credit directed to scholars for their efforts. Fair and equitable determination of authorship is also important to the reputation, academic promotion, and funding support of the individuals involved, and to the strength and reputation of the authors’ respective institutions.

Disagreements may arise regarding who should be named as an author or contributor to intellectual work and the order in which individuals should be listed. These Guidelines are meant to serve as a set of standards that are shared by the academic community as a whole in order to help facilitate open communication through the adherence to common principles. These principles apply to all intellectual products, whether published or prepared for internal use or for broad dissemination. These Guidelines apply to all faculty, students postdoctoral researchers, and staff. Ownership of research data and materials resulting from Harvard University (“University”) research activities rests with the University (see Research Data Ownership Policy). Designing an ethical and transparent approach to authorship and publication of research, whether in a peer-reviewed journal or in an open access e-print or pre-print repository (e.g., arXiv, PsyArXiv), is a shared responsibility of...

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The Lead Scholar Leading A Collaborative Endeavor Should Develop A

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Authorship Confers Credit And Has Singificant Implications For Researchers. The

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It Signifies Not Only The Creation Of Ideas But Also

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If Material Is Not Included In The Article's Creative Commons

If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from... To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Intellectual contribution in the form of authorship is a fundamental component of the academic career....