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Development And Validation Of A Multidimensional Scale For The

Leo Migdal
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development and validation of a multidimensional scale for the

Research on the concept of existing unidimensional Perceived Work Ability scale (PWA) in organizational science has recently increased due to its prediction of important work, individual, and labor force outcomes. To date, PWA has been measured as a unidimensional construct. The present study outlines the need for the multidimensional conceptualization of PWA and its measurement. We describe the development and validation of the Multidimensional Perceived Work Ability Scale (M-PWAS), comprising four dimensions: physical, cognitive, interpersonal, and emotional. In line with Hinkin's (1998) approach to scale validation, we use four samples (total N = 1,152) to establish the M-PWAS as a reliable and valid measure of PWA. Through an iterative item generation and review process, we found evidence for content validity.

Furthermore, each subscale demonstrated high internal consistency and factorial validity, and analysis of the PWA nomological network demonstrated evidence for convergent and discriminant validity. Finally, we found that the M-PWAS showed incremental validity over an existing unidimensional PWA measure in the prediction of perceived stress, emotional exhaustion, work engagement, and turnover. We discuss implications for theory, research, and workplace interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved). You have full access to this open access article Research in psychology, sociology, economics, and other disciplines investigating social justice has identified associations between fair treatment and human well-being.

However, the lack of a practical and valid instrument for measuring individual experiences of fair treatment in multiple areas of life has limited the ability to understand the relationship between fairness and wellness. The purpose of these studies was to develop and establish the initial psychometric properties and convergent validity of a scale measuring personal experiences of fairness across various life domains. Development and validation occurred across three studies. Scale development in Study 1 included the generation of items, item revision, and analysis of content validity. A review of existing literature and qualitative data derived from focus group discussions informed the initial pool of items. Cognitive interviews and expert input aided in analysis of content validity and revision of items.

Study 2 consisted of confirmatory factor analyses to evaluate the performance of items and determine the underlying factor structure of the scale. In Study 3, factor analyses were used to evaluate convergent validity with other fairness-related instruments. Results of the first study supported the conceptualization of fairness along a social-ecological spectrum: experiences of fairness existed in multiple distinct life domains (e.g., interpersonal, occupational, community). Results from the second study revealed a bifactor model with one general Fairness factor and four Interpersonal, Occupational, Community, and Societal ecological group factors. Results from the third study suggested acceptable convergent validity among some subscales and other established instruments, while also suggesting that refinements to the Community fairness subscale might improve the scale. The final 12-item scale demonstrated good reliability.

Results of this study produced an instrument able to measure individual experiences of fair treatment across four life domains. Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. The fair treatment of people is a cornerstone of a just society (Rawls, 1985, 2001). Fairness refers to the extent to which processes and outcomes accord individuals their legitimate due. The term due describes what individuals believe is fair in their interactions with others and in the distribution of goods and opportunities in their environments (Goldman & Cropanzano, 2015; Prilleltensky, 2012). Research in psychology, anthropology, economics, sociology, and cognitive neuroscience, among others, has shown that individuals frequently perceive situations through a fairness lens (Brosnan, 2013; Corning, 2011; Heider, 1958; Jost & Kay, 2014; Lerner, 1977,...

Judgments about fairness have been described as “at the heart of people’s feelings, attitudes, and behaviors in their interactions with others” (Tyler et al., 2019, p. 6). Humans appear primed to constantly evaluate how fairly they are treated throughout all aspects of their daily lives. Perceptions of fair treatment have substantial bearings on human functioning and behavior (Lucas, 2020; Opotow, 2011). For instance, beginning with the Whitehall studies in Britain in the 1960s, researchers uncovered significant relationships between fair treatment and human health and well-being (Marmot et al., 1978). Not only do people inherently approach situations with a fairness lens, but their evaluations of these situations have definitive consequences for their personal well-being.

Unfairness in workplace settings, for example, can lead to an array of health problems (De Vogli et al., 2007; Elovainio et al., 2004; Kivimäki et al., 2004; Lawson et al., 2009). Conversely, the belief that one is treated fairly is associated with a number of positive outcomes, including improved health and health behaviors, reduced stress, greater resilience, and better mental health (Dalbert, 1998; Littrell &... Fair treatment appears especially important to cardiovascular functioning and mental health (Elovainio et al., 2010; Lucas, 2020; Shim & Vinson, 2020). One study, for instance, found that perceptions of fair treatment at work were associated with a significantly lower risk of cardiovascular death (Elovainio et al., 2006). Chou Chuen Yu, Geriatric Education and Research Institute, 2 Yishun Central 2, Singapore 768024, Singapore. Email: yuchouchuen@gmail.com

Received 2025 Mar 25; Accepted 2025 Jul 21; Collection date 2025. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed... Clinical empathy is a crucial skill for healthcare professionals, enhancing patient outcomes, and satisfaction. However, existing scales, such as the Jefferson Scale of Empathy, focus primarily on cognitive empathy, overlooking the affective component. This gap highlights the need for a validated tool that measures both cognitive and affective empathy in healthcare professionals. This study developed and validated a multidimensional scale—the Multidimensional Clinical Empathy Scale—for assessing both cognitive and affective empathy in healthcare professionals and students.

This three-phase study involved item generation, reduction, and validation, using literature reviews, qualitative studies, and survey methodologies. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were applied to test the scale’s validity. The Multidimensional Clinical Empathy Scale was constructed using a five-domain theoretical model: Empathetic Connections, Valuing Empathy, Empathetic Behaviours, Genuine Concern, and Perspective Taking. After content validation and exploratory factor analysis, the scale was reduced to 26 items with high internal consistency (Cronbach alpha of 0.94). Introduction: Although various instruments have been developed to assess frailty, they generally do not cover all its dimensions and have not demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties. The aim of this study was to develop the Multidimensional Frailty Scale, originally called the Escala de Fragilidad Multidimensional (EFM), to assess the physical, cognitive, affective, social, and environmental dimensions of frailty in individuals...

This was carried out over the course of three sequential studies. Methods: A series of items were developed for each dimension and then evaluated by a panel of 13 experts. Subsequently, cognitive interviews were conducted with a sample of 23 older adults to examine the response processes. Finally, a pilot study was performed with a sample of 50 individuals aged between 65 and 98 years. Results: The panel of experts awarded the items a mean appropriateness rating of between 3.18 and 4 out of 4. The cognitive interviews provided insight into response processes and comprehension difficulties.

The corrected item-dimension correlations ranged between .02 and .83. Based on the results obtained in the three studies, some items were removed. Following these modifications, the internal consistency of the five dimensions ranged between .71 and .90. Conclusions: The results of this study enabled the first version of the EFM to be refined, obtaining satisfactory internal consistency and item functioning indexes. Keywords: Assessment; Evaluación; Fragilidad; Frailty; Older adults; Personas mayores; Propiedades psicométricas; Psychometric properties; Validez; Validity.

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Results of this study produced an instrument able to measure individual experiences of fair treatment across four life domains. Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. The fair treatment of people is a cornerstone of a just society (Rawls, 1985, 2001). Fairness refers to the extent to which processes and outcomes accord individuals their legitimate due. The term due describes what individuals be...