Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Authorship In Scientific And

Authors are expected to follow the DOI Code of Scientific and Scholarly Conduct, and fulfill the following roles: - make substantial intellectual contributions to the conception, experimental design, or planning of the work; and/or- are substantively involved in acquiring, analyzing, or interpreting data; and- write or improve the work by contributing pivotal... Large, multi-disciplinary collaborations should have clearly defined authorship agreements that are established before the project begins and follow bureau authorship requirements. Discussion and attribution of individual contributions is essential in large projects. At a minimum, all authors must be able to identify their contribution, agree to the publication of a manuscript, and, take public responsibility for the full content of the work. There are important contributions that do not merit authorship but may merit acknowledgment and/or citation, such as:- securing funding for the scientific or scholarly work;- providing supervisory or administrative support for the scientific or...

It is very important to discuss responsibilities and authorship among participating individuals before a project commences and periodically as work progresses. Most authorship disputes can be avoided or resolved by engaging in open conversation early in the process to ensure all contributors agree. A simple authorship agreement may be drafted to keep members of a group project accountable. The authorship agreement should be updated as necessary to reflect any changes in roles, participation, and to reflect any new or departing members.​​ Received 2023 Apr 2; Accepted 2023 Apr 13; Collection date 2023 Jun. Authorship in scientific manuscripts indicates intellectual contribution of individuals to a research project and authors play a key role in the research and dissemination of results of a research project.

It is important for authors to follow guidelines on authorship and submission of manuscripts and to agree on the order of authorship before beginning the project. Criteria for authorship, roles and responsibilities of authors, author metrics and misconduct of authors and their consequences are discussed in this editorial. Properly assigning authorship ensures transparency, accountability, and fairness in the scientific community. Keywords: Authorship, Editorial, Contributorship, Role and responsibility of the author The dictionary definition of an author is a writer of a book, article or document. Writing for general public magazines is different from writing for scientific journals.

The former is not peer reviewed while the latter is reviewed by peers. As science is governed by a set of rules, so is the writing for scientific journals. While there is scope for imagination and abstract writing in scientific manuscripts too, these are generally limited to within the confines of the governing rules. These rules help to produce high quality, peer reviewed manuscripts which can be searchable within each subject, speciality, and sections of the document for the purpose of researching, citing and comparing with other studies. For the purpose of publication in scientific journals, ICMJE recommendation 2019 [1] gave the definition of authorship which should satisfy all the following four conditions. Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND

Determining authorship is an important component of upholding the integrity of the research and scholarly enterprise and serves as an explicit way of assigning responsibility and giving credit for intellectual work. Only by honestly reflecting the contribution of all members of the research team can there be sustained growth in the discipline and proper credit directed to scholars for their efforts. Fair and equitable determination of authorship is also important to the reputation, academic promotion, and funding support of the individuals involved, and to the strength and reputation of the authors’ respective institutions. Disagreements may arise regarding who should be named as an author or contributor to intellectual work and the order in which individuals should be listed. These Guidelines are meant to serve as a set of standards that are shared by the academic community as a whole in order to help facilitate open communication through the adherence to common principles. These principles apply to all intellectual products, whether published or prepared for internal use or for broad dissemination.

These Guidelines apply to all faculty, students postdoctoral researchers, and staff. Ownership of research data and materials resulting from Harvard University (“University”) research activities rests with the University (see Research Data Ownership Policy). Designing an ethical and transparent approach to authorship and publication of research, whether in a peer-reviewed journal or in an open access e-print or pre-print repository (e.g., arXiv, PsyArXiv), is a shared responsibility of... The University recognizes that there are different standards across disciplines regarding authorship and the order in which authors are listed or acknowledged. Additionally, journals often specify their requirements in their guidance for authors and require attestations regarding individual authors intellectual contributions to the work. As a result, each laboratory, department, and/or school should engage in conversations regarding their own discipline-specific standards of authorship and, if needed, are encouraged to supplement the Guidelines herein with a description of these...

Note that these Guidelines are not intended for allegations related to research misconduct, defined as fabrication or falsification of data or plagiarism, which are subject to the Procedures for Responding to Allegations of Misconduct... University of Arizona Authorship Guidelines Authorship confers credit and has singificant implications for researchers. The University of Arizona is committed to ensuring fair recognition of contributions in research and scholarly publications and to providing guidelines that foster a culture of transparency, collaboration, and collegiality. Below we address what authorship means and why it matters, what authorship resources are available, and how to handle disputes in authorship. Jump to specific sections using the links below:

What is Authorship and why does it matter? Authorship is a critical component of research, reflecting the contributions of individuals to a body of work. It signifies not only the creation of ideas but also the collaborative effort required to bring those ideas to fruition, whether through developing theories, conducting experiments, or writing scholarly articles. Authorship matters because it is the primary means by which researchers receive recognition and credit for their work. This recognition is essential for professional advancement, promotions, funding opportunities, and reputational standing—of both the author and institution—within the academic community. As a public education and research institution, the University of Oregon is committed to distributing findings from our research, scholarship, and innovation.

These dissemination efforts often include publications in journals, books, book chapters, reports, presentations, proceedings, posters, software, or other media. Fair and equitable attribution of authorship on publications is essential to give appropriate credit for intellectual contributions and to uphold the integrity of the research enterprise. Norms and expectations around authorship criteria can vary widely across disciplines, which is why it is important to have open discussions about authorship criteria as early as possible and periodically over the entire course... This is particularly important for interdisciplinary projects where individual collaborators may bring different assumptions about authorship from their respective disciplines. Discussing authorship criteria as early as possible in a project is also especially important when students and faculty are collaborating on publications, given the complex power dynamics that can occur in student-faculty collaborations where... Because authorship norms and responsibilities can vary widely across disciplines, scholars and researchers are expected to act within the accepted professional guidelines of academic journals and professional societies in their field.

Here we provide general guidance and useful resources related to best practices for authorship considerations on publications regardless of the field(s). One of the most effective methods for avoiding authorship disputes is to engage in dialogue about authorship as early as possible in a project that is expected to yield publications. These conversations can establish clear expectations and responsibilities for each contributing author and can set the precedent for maintaining an open and ongoing dialogue about authorship throughout the entirety of a project. Authorship discussions are often initiated by the “lead” author or investigator, the individual who is responsible for overall oversight of the project. In some fields, this person may sometimes be referred to as the “senior,” “corresponding,” “first,” or “anchor” author. In other fields, there may not be a designated lead author, but there will typically be at least one or more senior collaborators.

The lead author, or senior collaborator(s) on a project, should strive to maintain a collegial and open dialogue about authorship criteria, so that all contributors will feel welcome to raise questions about authorship at... Lead or senior authors should devote particular attention to creating open dialogue with any student or trainee co-authors to ensure they feel welcome to raise questions about authorship criteria. In many cases, even if a student is a lead author on a paper, discussions about authorship should typically be discussed in advance with the larger project lead. Authorship provides credit for an individual’s contributions to a study and carries accountability. There are no universally accepted standards for assigning authorship, and principles, customs and practices differ significantly from one discipline to another. Responsibility for decisions regarding the authorship of publications lies with those who carried out the work reported in the publication.

Researchers should be aware of the authorship practices within their own disciplines and should always abide by any requirements stipulated by journals as part of their instructions to authors. Where no journal or discipline-specific norms apply, authorship criteria should be agreed by all investigators at an early stage of the research. Where possible, it is advisable to keep written records of decisions regarding authorship and these should be revisited where roles and contributions change over the lifecycle of the study. Normally, an author is an individual judged to have made a substantial intellectual or practical contribution to a publication and who agrees to be accountable for that contribution. This would normally include anyone who has: made a significant contribution to the conception or design of the project or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND/OR

Trust is fundamental to scientific communication: Trust that the authors have accurately reported their contributions, methods and findings; trust that authors have disclosed all potential conflicts of interest; and trust that editors have exercised... Problems with authorship are not uncommon and can threaten the integrity of scientific research.1 With the aim to decrease such problems, this section focuses on principles to guide authorship-related decisions, policies, practices, and responsibilities. Journal editors best serve readers and promote integrity in scientific publication when they ensure accurate reporting and disclosures by authors. The first step in creating transparency for readers is accurate identification of those who participated in the research and the reporting. Authors are generally defined as persons who have contributed sufficiently to a scientific report to be listed on the byline of the published report. Many journals provide guidelines on authorship in their instructions for authors.

Some professional and research funding organizations and academic institutions also provide such guidance. Principles, customs, and practices regarding authorship differ across cultures and scientific disciplines and sometimes within disciplines. This document aims to summarize common principles to guide authorship across scientific disciplines. Principles common to most guidelines on authorship include the following: Correspondence to: Prof. Mohammad Javed Ali, L.V.

Prasad Eye Institute, Road No 2, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad - 500 034, Telangana, India. E-mail: drjaved007@gmail.com Received 2020 Jul 7; Revised 2020 Aug 1; Accepted 2020 Aug 3; Issue date 2021 Jan. This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long... Authorship is the currency of an academic career. Scientific publications have significant academic and financial implications.

Several standard authorship guidelines exist, and the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) is the most popular amongst them. There are increasing concerns about the ethics of publications with the rise of inappropriate authorship. The most important reason appears to be a lack of knowledge and awareness of the authorship guidelines and what actions constitute unethical behaviors. There is a need to incorporate standard guidelines in medical curricula and conduct structured training and education programs for researchers across the board. The current perspective describes the significant concepts of appropriate and inappropriate authorship, and the possible measures being formulated to shape the future of authorship. Keywords: Authorship, Committee on Publication Ethics, Council for Science Editors, ethics, International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, publication

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