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Libguides Research Building Blocks Authorship Guidelines

Leo Migdal
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libguides research building blocks authorship guidelines

How do you decide who gets credit as an author in your article and who receives an acknowledgement in your paper? There are guidelines available to help you decide. Before starting a new project, decide amongst the team who will receive credit as an author and in what order, to avoid conflict later. Prior to submitting your manuscript for publication, or as the project changes, confirm this list and the order of authors. Teaching for Transformation has an Online Supplement about Ethical Research Collaboration that "will introduce the authorship guidelines used by most leading health journals [and] explore their limitations and how factors such as culture, power,... International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.

Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly work in Medical Journals (ICMJE Recommendations) [Internet]. ICMJE; 2018 [cited 2019 Feb 21]. University Health Network, Research Authorship (Policy 40.60.001). Toronto; 2022. Baerlocher MO, Newton M, Gautam T, et al.The Meaning of Author Order in Medical Research. Journal of Investigative Medicine 2007;55:174-180.

It's beneficial to talk about authorship at the start of any project and to continually discuss authorship and author order throughout the progression of the project. For labs or other similar research teams where you work together frequently, it may be helpful to establish guidelines, expectations, and responsibilities around authorship and author order, to document these guidelines, and to discuss... These resources contained throughout this guide around definitions and expectations of authorship may be helpful for developing a shared understanding of authorship. The resources provided here will hopefully help you prevent and avoid authorship issues or disputes; however, even with proper planning and early discussions, some issues may still arise. COPE identifies three principles for preventing authorship problems: If an authorship dispute or issue does arise, either in spite of your preventative efforts or due to a lack of awareness, they should be discussed by referring to the authorship guidelines provided throughout...

By focusing on the facts and guidelines of authorship, you can hopefully keep the conversation productive. In instances with more than two authors, you can discuss as a group the contributions that each other has made to the work product, and then identify how each set of contributions maps onto... If the issues arises due to a lack of prior planning and discussion, consider implementing some of the strategies shared throughout this guide or employing one of the templates from above. In some instances, your co-authors might not want to be pinned down in an agreement or may resist such formal documentation, but at least discussing authorship may still help prevent future issues. Up until 1955, sole authorship was the norm (Von Bergen & Bressler 2017). Much has changed since then.

Now, a debate is raging in scholarly circles regarding authorship ethics, author inflation, and what type and level of contributions should be required for you, as a researcher (student or faculty) or research assistant,... There are solid arguments on both sides of the fence. Although it is likely that author inflation is an issue to be taken seriously, we cannot assume that every student researcher or prolific author is engaging in unethical authorship practices. Although it is important to think about authorship and potential contributors at the start of every research project, the primary investigator (PI), or primary author, might not know who has contributed enough to actually... That being said, the PI should communicate authorship expectations clearly at the start of every project. If you are not the PI, you can, and should be expected to, request authorship expectations early from the PI or your supervisor.

But don't worry, as Chris Papasian (2017) reminds us, "if you find yourself struggling to decide who should or shouldn’t be included as an author of a manuscript, you’re not alone"—there are guidelines available. Opinions abound regarding faculty as authors on student papers and order of authorship—view the video linked on this page for further discussion. The Ethics Education Committee of The Academy of Management. [Academy of Management]. (2011, October 19). Ethics Video Series: Authorship [Video file].

Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3wEmi1rMeQ Author inflation “involves attaching numerous authors to a single paper, some of whom have done little to no work on the paper itself” (Von Bergen & Bressler, 2017, p. 3). Von Bergen and Bressler (2017) base their arguments on two assumptions supported by existing research. The first premise is that author inflation is due to the significant amount of pressure placed on faculty to: One of the most commonly-used criteria for determining authorship is the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) Recommendations.

They suggest that authorship be based on these 4 criteria: Shamoo & Resnik (2022), authors of Responsible Conduct of Research, argue that these guidelines are hard to apply to publications without data collection. They recommend that authorship in these cases should be "based on a significant intellectual contribution to the activities involved in research, such as literature review, argument analysis, writing, mathematical modeling, etc." (Shamoo & Resnik,... 111). Authorship confers credit and has important academic, social, and financial implications. Authorship also implies responsibility and accountability for published work.

The following recommendations are intended to ensure that contributors who have made substantive intellectual contributions to a paper are given credit as authors, but also that contributors credited as authors understand their role in... Editors should be aware of the practice of excluding local researchers from low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) from authorship when data are from LMICs. Inclusion of local authors adds to fairness, context, and implications of the research. Lack of inclusion of local investigators as authors should prompt questioning and may lead to rejection. Because authorship does not communicate what contributions qualified an individual to be an author, some journals now request and publish information about the contributions of each person named as having participated in a submitted... Editors are strongly encouraged to develop and implement a contributorship policy.

Such policies remove much of the ambiguity surrounding contributions, but leave unresolved the question of the quantity and quality of contribution that qualify an individual for authorship. The ICMJE has thus developed criteria for authorship that can be used by all journals, including those that distinguish authors from other contributors. The ICMJE recommends that authorship be based on the following 4 criteria: In addition to being accountable for the parts of the work done, an author should be able to identify which co-authors are responsible for specific other parts of the work. In addition, authors should have confidence in the integrity of the contributions of their co-authors. The Council of Science Editors (CSE) started in 1957 to promote excellence in science communication.

The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) began in 1997 when medical journal editors were concerned about publication misconduct. Both organizations have developed comprehensive guidelines for publication ethics. These guidelines cover a wide range of issues, including authorship, peer review, conflicts of interest, and research integrity. The CSE focuses on editorial standards and accountability in scientific publications across various fields. Key principles: COPE provides broad ethical guidelines for scholarly publishing, applicable across scientific fields.

Key recommendations: While CSE and COPE guidelines generally apply to all scientific, technical, and engineering disciplines, their use may vary. For example, biomedical engineering generally follows ICMJE. Some fields may have more specific interpretations or additional guidelines. Check if your field or target journals have specific interpretations or applications of these guidelines. This guide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Working on completing a research project involves many building blocks and a team of people. Once you have laid a good foundation, there are a number of other items that need to be taken care of along the way. This guide will cover quite a few of those: Authorship Guidelines, Reporting Guidelines, Retention of Research Data, Using Scholarly Sources, Citation Management Tools, Collaboration, Open Data and Staying Organized. For more information on laying the foundations for your project, see Before you Start your Research. See an overview of the whole Publication Cycle. We acknowledge this sacred land on which the University Health Network operates.

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from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors - ICMJE http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html • Discuss authorship before writing and agree on order of authors 1. Substantially contribute to conception, design, data acquisition or analysis AND 2.

Help to draft the article, revise critically for intellectual content, AND

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How Do You Decide Who Gets Credit As An Author

How do you decide who gets credit as an author in your article and who receives an acknowledgement in your paper? There are guidelines available to help you decide. Before starting a new project, decide amongst the team who will receive credit as an author and in what order, to avoid conflict later. Prior to submitting your manuscript for publication, or as the project changes, confirm this list a...

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Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly work in Medical Journals (ICMJE Recommendations) [Internet]. ICMJE; 2018 [cited 2019 Feb 21]. University Health Network, Research Authorship (Policy 40.60.001). Toronto; 2022. Baerlocher MO, Newton M, Gautam T, et al.The Meaning of Author Order in Medical Research. Journal of Investigative Medicine 2007;55:174-180.

It's Beneficial To Talk About Authorship At The Start Of

It's beneficial to talk about authorship at the start of any project and to continually discuss authorship and author order throughout the progression of the project. For labs or other similar research teams where you work together frequently, it may be helpful to establish guidelines, expectations, and responsibilities around authorship and author order, to document these guidelines, and to discu...

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By focusing on the facts and guidelines of authorship, you can hopefully keep the conversation productive. In instances with more than two authors, you can discuss as a group the contributions that each other has made to the work product, and then identify how each set of contributions maps onto... If the issues arises due to a lack of prior planning and discussion, consider implementing some of t...

Now, A Debate Is Raging In Scholarly Circles Regarding Authorship

Now, a debate is raging in scholarly circles regarding authorship ethics, author inflation, and what type and level of contributions should be required for you, as a researcher (student or faculty) or research assistant,... There are solid arguments on both sides of the fence. Although it is likely that author inflation is an issue to be taken seriously, we cannot assume that every student researc...